New optical technologies are revolutionizing astronomical polarimetry by expanding the range of polarization optics for telescopes and scientific imaging. Liquid crystal retarders, including nematic liquid crystals and ferroelectric liquid crystals, offer electrical control of polarization with low voltage and fast response times, making them ideal for adaptive optics and infrared imaging. Polymer retarders provide cost-effective solutions with large clear apertures, enhanced angular field of view, and tunable birefringence for applications in space telescopes and microscopy. Wire grid polarizers, enabled by microlithography, now function across visible and infrared wavelengths, supporting beam steering, hyperspectral imaging, and polarization-sensitive cameras. The development of broadband polarizers covers an extensive wavelength range from ultraviolet (UV) to mid-infrared (MIR), with high efficiency for astronomy, defense optics, and remote sensing. These innovations, driven by commercial display technologies, semiconductor manufacturing, and biomedical imaging, are transforming optical instrumentation for scientific research and industrial applications.

Keywords: Astronomical polarimetry, Optical technologies, Polarization optics, Liquid crystal retarders, Nematic liquid crystals, Ferroelectric liquid crystals, Infrared imaging, Adaptive optics, Polymer retarders, Wire grid polarizers, Microlithography, Hyperspectral imaging, Polarization-sensitive cameras, Broadband polarizers, Ultraviolet (UV) optics, Mid-infrared (MIR) optics, Defense optics, Space telescopes, Remote sensing, Semiconductor manufacturing, Biomedical imaging, Scientific research optics